食品安全檢測的“多面手”——詳解ELISA技術的應用
<p> <span style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><font face="宋體" style="font-family: 宋體; font-size: 10.5pt;">隨著現代人民生活水平的提高,人們的食品安全意識不斷增強,食品安全檢測越來越受到重視。食品中需要檢測的殘留藥物和致病微生物的種類越來越多,最高限量也越來越低。面對這種情況,傳統的檢測方法已經不能滿足人們的需求。因此,迫切需要建立一種能夠特異、靈敏、快速、準確地檢測食品中有毒有害物質的方法。</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span><img src="/images/upload/Image/微信圖片_20250331164209.jpg" alt="elisa試劑盒" width="500" height="375" /></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">酶聯免疫吸附(</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">)技術自</font><font face="Calibri">20</font><font face="宋體">世紀</font><font face="Calibri">70</font><font face="宋體">年代問世以來,由于其特異性高、靈敏度強、簡便快速,不需要昂貴的儀器設備,特別適合于大量樣品的篩查,而成為一種流行的技術,是食品檢驗中應用最廣泛的方法之一。它是將抗原或抗體結合在一定的固相載體表面,讓待測樣品(其中所含的抗體或抗原)與酶標記的抗原或抗體在固相載體表面發生反應,然后加入底物顯色,根據顯色反應的深淺進行定性或定量分析。由于酶的催化頻率很高,可以使反應效應大大放大,從而使測定方法達到很高的靈敏度。根據試劑來源、標本情況、檢測條件等不同,</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">技術主要有直接法、間接法、雙抗體夾心法、直接競爭法、間接競爭法、捕獲包被法等。研究人員也可根據自身的條件和要求,靈活設計合適的</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <strong> <font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">檢測病原微生物</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">由病原微生物引起的食源性疾病是影響食品安全的主要因素之一。沙門氏菌是引起食物中毒的主要病原菌。在世界各國各類細菌性食物中毒中,沙門氏菌引起的食物中毒往往位居首位。</font><font face="Calibri">1977</font><font face="宋體">年,</font><font face="Calibri">Kryinski</font><font face="宋體">和</font><font face="Calibri">Heimsch</font><font face="宋體">首次將</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">法用于食品中沙門氏菌的檢測。目前,已有較多應用該方法檢測食品中沙門氏菌的報道。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">技術在抗生素檢測中的應用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">抗生素廣泛應用于動物疾病防控、飼料添加劑等。食品(主要是動物產品)中殘留的抗生素對人體有一定的危害。例如,氯霉素會導致再生障礙性貧血和粒細胞缺乏癥,氨基糖苷類抗生素會損害聽覺神經,四環素類抗生素會抑制幼兒的牙齒發育和骨骼生長。青霉素、鏈霉素和新生霉素常引起過敏反應,尤以青霉素最為嚴重。</font><font face="Calibri">1969</font><font face="宋體">年,世界衛生組織和美國食品藥品監督管理局(</font><font face="Calibri">FDA</font><font face="宋體">)規定,食品中不得存在青霉素殘留。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">目前研制的</font><font face="Calibri"><a href="/">ELISA</a></font><font face="宋體"><a href="/">試劑盒</a>已廣泛應用于食品中氯霉素、硫酸銨類藥劑、含硝基化合物等抗生素的檢測。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">硝基呋喃類抗生素是一類具有潛在致癌、致突變作用的物質。該類抗生素因其抑菌、殺菌作用,廣泛應用于家禽、牲畜、水產、蜜蜂等動物傳染病的防治。部分抗生素具有促生長作用,可用作飼料添加劑。硝基呋喃類抗生素代謝較快,目前已發展的免疫測定方法均為針對硝基呋喃類抗生素代謝物的</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">在農藥殘留檢測中的應用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">世界衛生組織和聯合國糧食及農業組織(</font><font face="Calibri">WHO/FAO</font><font face="宋體">)對農藥殘留限量的定義是:農藥殘留的最大濃度,包括直接或間接按照良好農業生產規范(</font><font face="Calibri">GAP</font><font face="宋體">)使用農藥后在食品和飼料中形成的農藥、原蟲、毒性代謝物、降解物和雜質等。甲氰菊酯是一種廣泛使用的農藥,它可以通過地表徑流、雨水沖刷、土壤淋溶等方式進入水環境。甲氰菊酯對魚類和其他水生生物有劇毒,能在魚體內富集。甲氰菊酯對魚類和其他水生生物有劇毒,能在魚體內富集。常溫下在沉積物中的半衰期很長,對水生生態環境,特別是漁業生產有一定的潛在危害。研究人員可以合成甲氰菊酯的人工免疫抗原和包被抗原,然后用該抗原免疫試驗兔,獲得甲氰菊酯的多克隆抗體,在此基礎上開發水產品中甲氰菊酯殘留的間接</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">檢測方法。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">在生物毒素檢測中的應用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">生物毒素是一大類具有生物活性物質的總稱,它能在生物體自身或通過食物鏈中積累,對人類和其他生物產生危害。黃曲霉毒素(</font><font face="Calibri">AF</font><font face="宋體">)是糧油食品中污染最嚴重、毒性最大的霉菌毒素,其中</font><font face="Calibri">AF</font><font face="宋體">的毒性是氰化鉀的</font><font face="Calibri">10</font><font face="宋體">倍,是砷的</font><font face="Calibri">68</font><font face="宋體">倍,具有很強的致癌性和免疫抑制性,即使在極低的濃度下仍有劇毒??蒲腥藛T對糧油中</font><font face="Calibri">AF</font><font face="宋體">含量的檢測采用</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">和</font><font face="Calibri">HPLC</font><font face="宋體">進行了對比研究,結果表明</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">法比</font><font face="Calibri">HPLC</font><font face="宋體">法操作更簡便、快捷,回收率也更理想。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <strong><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">在轉基因食品檢測中的應用</font></strong></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">美國</font><font face="Calibri">FDA</font><font face="宋體">開發了一種雙夾心</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">方法,用于檢測食品中是否含有轉基因玉米成分。該</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">試劑盒可用于測定玉米中的</font><font face="Calibri">Cry9C</font><font face="宋體">蛋白。在同一實驗室及實驗室間共對</font><font face="Calibri">9</font><font face="宋體">種含玉米的食品進行了測定,測定結果的重現性非常好</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"> <font face="宋體">總而言之,面對日益嚴峻的食品安全形勢,</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">技術以其無可比擬的綜合優勢,為食品中有害物質的快速篩查提供了高效可靠的解決方案。從農場到餐桌,無論是微生物污染還是化學殘留,</font><font face="Calibri">ELISA</font><font face="宋體">都扮演著不可或缺的“哨兵”角色。它的廣泛應用和持續創新,正為全球食品安全防線注入強勁動力,是守護我們健康飲食的重要基石。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10.5000pt; mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>